购买与计费（Q1–Q8）
1. VPS 和共享主机有什么区别？ / What is the difference between VPS and shared hosting?
EN: A VPS (Virtual Private Server) provides isolated resources (CPU/RAM/disk) on a physical host via virtualization. It's more stable and configurable than shared hosting and gives root access for advanced customization.
中: VPS（虚拟专用服务器）通过虚拟化在物理主机上分配独立资源（CPU/RAM/磁盘）。相比共享主机更稳定、可自定义，适合需要更高性能或根访问的场景。
2. 我应该选择托管 VPS 还是非托管 VPS？ / Should I choose managed VPS or unmanaged VPS?
EN: Managed VPS includes provider maintenance (patching, backups, basic support). Unmanaged is cheaper but requires you to manage the OS and security. Choose managed if you lack sysadmin experience.
中: 托管 VPS 包含服务商的维护（系统补丁、备份、基础支持）；非托管更便宜但需自行负责系统与安全。若你不熟悉系统运维，建议选择托管。
3. VPS 通常有哪些计费方式？ / What billing models do VPS providers use?
EN: Common models: hourly, monthly, yearly; plus bandwidth-based or pay-as-you-go for traffic. Check snapshot and backup fees to avoid surprises.
中: 常见计费：按小时、按月或按年，也有按流量计费的模式。注意快照与备份是否单独计费。
4. 如何判断 VPS 提供商是否靠谱？ / How to judge if a VPS provider is reliable?
EN: Check SLA uptime, network capacity, datacenter locations, public reviews, refund/trial policy and support response time. Also verify DDoS and backup offerings.
中: 查看 SLA（可用率）、网络带宽、数据中心位置、用户评价、试用/退款政策和技术支持响应时间，并确认是否提供 DDoS/备份服务。
5. VPS 最低配置该选多少？ / What minimum VPS specs should I pick?
EN: For light sites: 1 vCPU, 1–2GB RAM, 20–40GB SSD. Heavy applications or DB require more RAM, CPU and high IOPS storage.
中: 轻量网站建议 1 vCPU、1–2GB 内存、20–40GB SSD。数据库或高并发应用需要更多内存、CPU 与高 IOPS 存储。
6. SSD VPS 与 HDD VPS 区别？哪个更适合网站？ / SSD vs HDD VPS — which is better for websites?
EN: SSD offers much better IO and lower latency; recommended for most production sites and databases.
中: SSD 提供更高的 I/O 与更低延迟，通常显著提升网站响应，推荐用于生产环境与数据库。
7. VPS 是否有带宽上限或流量计费？ / Do VPS plans have bandwidth caps or traffic charges?
EN: Some plans include unlimited bandwidth, others limit peak Mbps or bill outbound traffic. Always read the pricing fine print for overage fees.
中: 有的方案包月带宽，有的限制峰值或按出站流量计费。务必查看超额费用条款。
8. 选择 VPS 时如何权衡价格与性能？ / How to balance price vs performance when choosing VPS?
EN: Compare CPU type, memory, disk IOPS, network bandwidth, SLA, and support. Extremely low price can mean overprovisioning or poor support.
中: 对比 CPU 型号、内存、磁盘 IOPS、带宽、SLA 与支持。过低价格可能伴随资源过度售卖或差的支持。
迁移（Q9–Q18）
9. 从旧主机迁移到新 VPS 需要注意什么？ / What should I pay attention to when migrating to a new VPS?
EN: Backup data, lower DNS TTL before cutover, test application compatibility, migrate DB in correct order, prepare rollback plan and test the new instance.
中: 备份数据、迁移前降低 DNS TTL、测试应用兼容性、按顺序迁移数据库、准备回滚方案并在切换前测试。
10. 如何最小化 VPS 迁移停机时间？ / How to minimize downtime during VPS migration?
EN: Pre-sync data, perform final incremental sync during off-peak hours, reduce DNS TTL, and use proxy or load balancer cutover where possible.
中: 提前同步数据，在低峰期做最终增量同步、缩短 DNS TTL，并使用反向代理或负载均衡平滑切换。
11. 迁移网站后需要修改哪些 DNS 记录？ / Which DNS records change after moving a site to a new VPS?
EN: Update A/AAAA for the site, MX if mail is moved, and verify SPF/DKIM/DMARC if you handle mail on the new host.
中: 更新 A/AAAA 记录，若邮件随主机迁移则更新 MX，并检查 SPF/DKIM/DMARC 设置。
12. VPS 上能运行哪些操作系统？我应选择 Ubuntu 还是 CentOS？ / Which operating systems can run on VPS — Ubuntu or CentOS?
EN: Common OS: Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS/Alma/Rocky, Windows Server. Ubuntu is beginner-friendly with large community. Choose by your application support and familiarity.
中: 常见系统：Ubuntu、Debian、CentOS/Alma/Rocky、Windows Server。Ubuntu 社区资源多，适合入门；按应用与熟悉度选择。
13. 虚拟化技术（KVM、OpenVZ、Xen）有何差异？ / What virtualization tech is better: KVM, OpenVZ, or Xen?
EN: KVM offers full virtualization and strong isolation (recommended). OpenVZ is lightweight but shares host kernel. Xen is also robust — choose based on kernel needs and isolation.
中: KVM 支持完全虚拟化与良好隔离；OpenVZ 更轻量但共享内核；Xen 介于两者。若需自定义内核首选 KVM。
14. 我可以在 VPS 上运行邮件服务器吗？端口 25 会被封吗？ / Can I run a mail server on VPS and is port 25 blocked?
EN: You can run mail servers, but many providers block outbound port 25 to prevent spam. Check provider policy or use third-party SMTP providers.
中: 可以运行邮件服务器，但很多 VPS 提供商为防滥发会封锁 25 端口或限制 SMTP。建议确认提供商政策或使用第三方邮件服务。
15. VPS 是否支持 IPv6？为什么要关心 IPv6？ / Does VPS support IPv6 and why care?
EN: Many providers support IPv6. IPv6 ensures future-proofing and more IP availability; choose IPv6-enabled VPS if your audience or services require it.
中: 许多服务商支持 IPv6。IPv6 有助于未来兼容与地址扩展，若需要建议选择支持 IPv6 的 VPS。
16. VPS 的快照与备份有何不同？ / What's the difference between snapshots and backups on VPS?
EN: Snapshots are quick point-in-time disk copies ideal for instant rollback. Backups are typically scheduled full/incremental archives stored separately for long-term retention.
中: 快照是磁盘的瞬时拷贝，适合快速回滚；备份通常是定期的完整/增量存档，适合长期保存与恢复。
17. VPS 的快照会计费吗？成本高吗？ / Are snapshots billed? Are snapshot costs high?
EN: Many providers bill for snapshot storage or include it in storage costs. Long-term retention of many snapshots can raise costs significantly.
中: 多数提供商会对快照占用的存储计费，长期保留大量快照会增加费用。
18. 迁移后如何验证服务正常？ / How to verify everything is OK after migration?
EN: Check website responses, DB connections, email deliverability, SSL, logs, external monitoring, and run performance benchmarks.
中: 检查网站响应、数据库连接、邮件发送、SSL、日志、外部监控，并做性能基准测试。
性能与硬件（Q19–Q28）
19. 如何测试 VPS 的 CPU/IOPS/带宽？ / How to benchmark VPS CPU/IOPS/bandwidth?
EN: Use sysbench for CPU, fio for disk I/O, and iperf3 for network throughput. Test at different times to measure real-world variance.
中: 使用 sysbench 测 CPU，fio 测磁盘 I/O，iperf3 测网络带宽，并在不同时间复测以观察波动。
20. 什么是“邻居噪声（noisy neighbor）”？如何避免？ / What is "noisy neighbor" and how to avoid it?
EN: Noisy neighbor occurs when other VMs on the same host consume excessive resources. Avoid by choosing providers with guaranteed resources or higher SLA plans.
中: 邻居噪声是同一宿主机上其它虚拟机占用过多资源导致性能波动。选有独立资源承诺或更高 SLA 的方案可减少风险。
21. VPS 是否支持自动扩容或垂直升级？ / Does VPS support auto scaling or vertical upgrades?
EN: Many cloud VPS allow quick vertical upgrades (add CPU/RAM/disk). Auto-scaling often requires load balancers and multiple instances.
中: 许多云 VPS 支持快速垂直升级。自动伸缩通常需要负载均衡与多实例配合。
22. 为什么 IOPS 很重要？如何检测？ / Why IOPS matters and how to check disk IOPS?
EN: IOPS affects concurrent disk operations; databases need high IOPS. Use fio to benchmark or check provider's IOPS SLA.
中: IOPS 影响磁盘并发读写，数据库类应用对 IOPS 敏感。可用 fio 测试或查看提供商给出的 IOPS 指标。
23. 能否安装 GUI 桌面？推荐吗？ / Can I install a GUI desktop on VPS? Recommended?
EN: You can, but it's not recommended for production servers due to extra resource and security surface. Manage servers via SSH and web panels.
中: 可以安装但不推荐用于生产环境，会占用资源并增加安全面。建议通过 SSH 或管理面板管理。
24. 如何保证 VPS 的高可用？ / How to achieve high availability (HA) with VPS?
EN: Use load balancers, multiple instances across availability zones, automatic failover, backups and external monitoring to reach HA goals.
中: 使用负载均衡、多可用区实例、自动故障切换、定期备份与外部监控来提高可用性。
25. 什么是 CPU 突发（burst）？有哪些限制？ / What is CPU burst and its limits?
EN: Burst allows short-term use beyond baseline CPU. It's limited by a credit system or time window; sustained high load requires fixed vCPU plans.
中: 突发允许短时间超出基础 CPU 配额，通常受信用分或时长限制；长期高负载应选择固定 vCPU。
26. 如何用 VPS 优化网站加载速度以利 SEO？ / How to optimize website speed on VPS for SEO?
EN: Use SSD, enable gzip, caching, CDN, HTTP/2 or QUIC, optimize images and monitor TTFB. Fast pages improve SEO rankings and UX.
中: 使用 SSD、开启 gzip/缓存、接入 CDN、启用 HTTP/2 或 QUIC、优化图片并监控 TTFB，提升页面速度与 SEO。
27. 在 VPS 上部署数据库有哪些建议？ / Best practices for running databases on VPS?
EN: Use separate instance or managed DB for heavy load, assign high IOPS storage, set backups, tune buffers and avoid disk full issues.
中: 高负载建议使用独立实例或托管数据库，配高 IOPS 存储，设置备份并优化缓存与索引，防止磁盘被日志占满。
28. VPS 的时区与 NTP 如何配置？ / How to set timezone and NTP on VPS?
EN: Set the correct timezone and enable chrony/ntpd for NTP sync to ensure logs and cron jobs align across systems.
中: 设置正确时区并启用 chrony/ntpd 同步时间，保证日志与定时任务时间一致，便于排查。
网络与 DDoS（Q29–Q35）
29. VPS 会遭受 DDoS 吗？如何防护？ / Will my VPS face DDoS attacks? How to protect?
EN: VPS can be targeted. Use providers with built-in DDoS protection, plus CDN, rate limiting, and traffic scrubbing services like Cloudflare.
中: VPS 可能成为 DDoS 目标。选择带 DDoS 防护的方案并使用 CDN、限流与流量清洗服务来缓解攻击。
30. 如何检测 VPS 带宽与延迟？ / How to check VPS bandwidth and latency?
EN: Use ping/traceroute for latency and iperf3 for throughput tests. Test different times to get representative results.
中: 使用 ping/traceroute 检测延迟，iperf3 测试带宽，并在多个时段测试以获取平均水平。
31. VPS 的防火墙如何配置？ / How to configure firewall on VPS (iptables/nftables)?
EN: Use iptables/nftables locally and cloud security groups from provider. Only open required ports and restrict SSH access.
中: 系统层用 iptables/nftables，或使用云面板的安全组。仅开放必要端口并限制 SSH 登录。
32. 如何加强 SSH 安全？ / How to secure SSH (keys/port change/2FA)?
EN: Disable password auth, use SSH keys, restrict root login, change default port and enable fail2ban or 2FA for added security.
中: 关闭密码登录，使用 SSH key，禁用 root 直接登录，改非标准端口并启用 fail2ban 或 2FA。
33. VPS 适合托管电商/支付网站吗？ / Is VPS suitable for e-commerce/PCI compliance?
EN: Yes, but you must implement PCI-DSS controls (encryption, access control, logging, audits). Many opt for dedicated or compliant managed hosting.
中: 可以，但需满足 PCI-DSS（加密、访问控制、日志审计等）。许多商家选择专用托管或合规的托管服务。
34. VPS 的日志如何集中管理与轮转？ / How to manage and rotate logs on VPS?
EN: Use logrotate for local rotation, and forward logs to ELK/Graylog or cloud log services for centralized storage and analysis.
中: 使用 logrotate 做本地轮转，并将日志发送到 ELK/Graylog 或云日志服务做集中管理与分析。
35. IPv4 稀缺，能否只用内网或 IPv6？ / IPv4 scarcity — can I use private networks or IPv6 only?
EN: You can use private networks or IPv6 with NAT/proxy. But for some services (mail, legacy clients) public IPv4 is still important.
中: 可使用内网/IPv6 加 NAT/反向代理，但邮件与某些旧客户端仍依赖公网 IPv4。
安全与备份（Q36–Q44）
36. VPS 数据能否加密（静态与传输中）？ / Can data on VPS be encrypted at rest and in transit?
EN: Yes — use disk encryption (LUKS), full-disk or file-level encryption for at-rest; use TLS/HTTPS, SFTP, SSH for in-transit protection.
中: 可以：静态数据启用 LUKS 等磁盘加密；传输使用 TLS/HTTPS、SFTP、SSH 加密传输。
37. VPS 备份频率与保留策略如何制定？ / How to set backup frequency and retention strategy?
EN: Define RPO/RTO: critical data daily incremental + weekly full; retention 7/30/90 days depending on business needs; test restores regularly.
中: 根据业务设 RPO/RTO：关键数据每日增量并每周全量，保留周期按业务重要性设 7/30/90 天，并定期演练恢复。
38. 备份或日志含敏感数据时如何满足 GDPR？ / How to comply with GDPR when logs/backups contain personal data?
EN: Encrypt sensitive data, limit access, implement data deletion/retention policies and check data transfer locations for GDPR compliance.
中: 对敏感数据加密、限制访问、制定删除/保留策略，并确认数据传输与存储位置以符 GDPR 要求。
39. VPS 的 SLA（可用率）通常是多少？如何验证？ / What SLA uptime is typical and how to verify it?
EN: Common SLAs: 99.9% or 99.99%. Verify by provider SLA docs, historical uptime pages and third-party monitoring services.
中: 常见 SLA 为 99.9% 或 99.99%。查看提供商 SLA 文档、历史运行记录与第三方监控数据。
40. VPS 是否支持 API 自动化？ / Do VPS providers offer APIs for automation?
EN: Many providers offer REST APIs or CLIs for instance lifecycle management, snapshots, backups and monitoring — ideal for automation.
中: 许多厂商提供 REST API 或 CLI 支持实例管理、快照、备份与监控，便于自动化运维。
41. VPS 帐号被攻陷后如何快速恢复？ / How to quickly recover if VPS account is compromised?
EN: Isolate compromised host, restore from trusted backup, rotate keys/passwords, audit logs and harden system before returning to production.
中: 隔离受影响主机、从可信备份恢复、重置密钥/密码、审计日志并修补系统后再投产。
42. VPS 能运行容器（Docker / Kubernetes）吗？注意事项？ / Can I run Docker/Kubernetes on a VPS? Any caveats?
EN: Docker runs fine. For Kubernetes, prefer multi-node or managed k8s. Check kernel features, nested virtualization and security isolation.
中: Docker 通常可运行。若部署 Kubernetes 建议使用多节点或托管 k8s 服务，注意内核特性与隔离要求。
43. 运行加密货币节点或高带宽应用有何限制？ / Any provider restrictions for crypto nodes or high-bandwidth apps?
EN: Some providers constrain high-bandwidth or constant high I/O workloads; check Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) and bandwidth terms beforehand.
中: 部分提供商限制高带宽或连续高 I/O 的应用，迁入前请查阅 AUP 与带宽政策。
44. 提供商会限制用户内容或行为吗？如何查看？ / Do providers limit user content or behaviors? Where to check?
EN: Yes — check the provider's Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) and Terms of Service to avoid hosting prohibited content or actions.
中: 会的。查看提供商的《可接受使用政策》（AUP）与服务条款，避免托管被禁止的内容导致封禁。
管理与支持（Q45–Q50）
45. 常用控制面板有哪些？ / What control panels are common?
EN: Popular panels: cPanel (commercial), Plesk, DirectAdmin, Webmin/Virtualmin (open-source). Consider licensing and functionality when choosing.
中: 常见：cPanel（商业）、Plesk、DirectAdmin、Webmin/Virtualmin（开源）。选择时考虑许可与功能需求。
46. 如何判断提供商支持响应时间？ / How to judge provider support response times?
EN: Look at SLA support tiers, public ticket response times, user reviews and whether they provide 24/7 phone/chat support for critical incidents.
中: 查看 SLA 支持级别、公开工单响应时间、用户评价，以及是否提供 24/7 电话或聊天支持以应对关键故障。
47. VPS 是否支持快照还原与恢复演练？ / Do VPS support snapshot restores & recovery drills?
EN: Most providers support snapshots and restores. Regular recovery drills are recommended to validate backup integrity and RTO/RPO.
中: 多数提供快照与还原功能。建议定期演练恢复流程以验证备份完整性与 RTO/RPO。
48. 迁移或取消服务是否有隐藏费用？ / Are there hidden fees when migrating or cancelling?
EN: Possible fees: outbound transfer charges, snapshot export costs, early termination fees. Review billing terms before committing.
中: 可能产生出站流量费、快照导出费或提前解约金。签约前请查看计费条款。
49. 如何选择数据中心区域以降低延迟？ / How to choose the best datacenter region to reduce latency?
EN: Choose a region close to your users or CDNs. Test ping/traceroute from representative locations and consider legal/data sovereignty needs.
中: 选择靠近目标用户或 CDN 节点的数据中心，测试 ping/traceroute 并考虑合规与数据主权需求。
50. 如何比较不同 VPS 提供商并做出决定？ / How to compare VPS providers and make the final decision?
EN: Compare price, SLA, support, network/bandwidth, IOPS, backup & restore policies, DDoS protection, trial/refund policy and customer feedback. Prioritize your key requirements.
中: 对比价格、SLA、支持、网络带宽/延迟、IOPS、备份策略、DDoS 防护、试用/退款与用户口碑，优先满足关键需求。
VPS188 专属问答（Q51–Q60）
51. VPS188 哪个套餐最适合小型商业网站？ / Which VPS188 plan is best for small business websites?
EN: Entry-level KVM VPS with at least 2 vCPU, 2GB RAM, SSD storage. Handles moderate traffic and custom software.
中: 入门级 KVM VPS，至少 2 核 CPU、2GB 内存、SSD 存储，可处理中等流量与自定义软件。
52. VPS188 价格与搬瓦工、Vultr 对比如何？ / How does VPS188 pricing compare with BandwagonHost and Vultr?
EN: VPS188 balances cost and performance; cheaper than Vultr for similar specs, more stable than BandwagonHost for medium projects.
中: VPS188 兼顾成本与性能，同规格低于 Vultr；中型项目比搬瓦工更稳定。
53. VPS188 Windows VPS 可用于软件测试吗？ / Can I use VPS188 Windows VPS for software testing?
EN: Yes, full RDP access, isolated environment, ideal for Windows software testing and development.
中: 可以，提供完整 RDP 访问与隔离环境，非常适合 Windows 软件测试与开发。
54. VPS188 购买后多久开通？ / How quickly is a VPS188 instance deployed?
EN: Instant or within minutes after payment; credentials emailed immediately.
中: 付款成功后即时或几分钟内开通，凭据邮件即刻送达。
55. VPS188 是否提供备份与恢复？ / Does VPS188 provide backup and restore?
EN: Manual snapshots + scheduled backups; restore to any point-in-time.
中: 支持手动快照与定时备份，可恢复至任意时间点。
56. 如何管理 VPS188 的 VPS？ / How to manage VPS188 VPS?
EN: Web control panel (reboot, console, OS reinstall) + full SSH/RDP root access.
中: 网页控制面板（重启、控制台、系统重装）+ 完整 SSH/RDP root 权限。
57. VPS188 支持升级降级吗？ / Can I upgrade/downgrade VPS188 plans?
EN: Yes, seamless upgrade (no downtime); downgrade after resource check.
中: 支持，升级无缝无停机；降级需资源核查。
58. VPS188 服务器最佳位置？ / Best VPS188 server locations?
EN: Asia, Europe, North America; choose closest to target audience for lowest latency.
中: 亚洲、欧洲、北美；选择离目标用户最近的区域以最小化延迟。
59. VPS188 支持自定义软件安装吗？ / Does VPS188 support custom software?
EN: Full root/admin access; install any software, frameworks, databases.
中: 提供完整 root/管理员权限，可安装任意软件、框架、数据库。
60. VPS188 服务器适合 24/7 运行吗？ / Is VPS188 suitable for 24/7 operation?
EN: Enterprise hardware, redundant network, 99.9% uptime SLA.
中: 企业级硬件、冗余网络、99.9% 在线率 SLA，适合全天候运行。